Saturated Fat & Health Hazards

Saturated fat (??????? ????) is a type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all or predominantly single bonds. A fat is made of two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids. Fats are made of long chains of carbon atoms. Some carbon atoms are linked by single bonds and others are linked by double bonds. Double bonds can react with hydrogen to form single bonds. They are called saturated because the second bond is broken and each half of the bond is attached to (saturated with) a hydrogen atom. Most animal fats are saturated. Siddha Spirituality of Swami Hardas Life System being more conscious about health, we appeal readers to know about saturated fat in detail.

The fats of plants and fish are generally unsaturated. Saturated fats tend to have higher melting points than their corresponding unsaturated fat, leading to the popular understanding that saturated fat tend to be solids at room temperatures, while unsaturated fat tend to be liquid at room temperature with varying degrees of viscosity (meaning both saturated and unsaturated fats are found to be liquid at body temperature).

Saturated fat Definition (??????? ???? ?? ???????)

A high proportion of fatty acid molecules without double bonds, considered to be less healthy in the diet than unsaturated fat.

Saturated fat Profiles (??????? ???? ?? ????-?????)

While nutrition labels regularly combine them, the saturated fatty acids appear in different proportions among food groups. Lauric and myristic acids are most commonly found in “tropical” oils:

• Palm kernel
• Coconut
• Dairy products

The saturated fat is found in:

• Meat
• Eggs
• Cacao
• Nuts

Examples of saturated fatty acids (??????? ???? ?? ??????)

Some common examples of fatty acids:

• Butyric acid with 4 carbon atoms (contained in butter)
• Lauric acid with 12 carbon atoms (contained in coconut oil, palm kernel oil, and breast milk)
• Myristic acid with 14 carbon atoms (contained in cow’s milk and dairy products)
• Palmitic acid with 16 carbon atoms (contained in palm oil and meat)
• Stearic acid with 18 carbon atoms (also contained in meat and cocoa butter)

Saturated fat chart

A detailed chart of saturated fats with comparison to Monounsaturated and Polyunsaturated fats:

Food	Saturated	Mono- unsaturated	Poly- unsaturated
	As weight percent (%) of total fat
Cooking oils
Walnuts dry roasted	09	23	63
Turkey drumstick	32	22	30
Turkey breast	30	20	30
Sweets and baked goods
Sunflower seeds	11	19	66
Sunflower oil	11	20	69
Soybeans	14	22	57
Soybean oil	15	24	58
Shortening	25	45	26
Sesame seeds	14	38	44
Sausage, turkey	28	40	22
Sausage, Polish	37	46	11
Salmon	28	33	28
Safflower oil, linoleic	06	14	75
Safflower oil, high oleic	06	75	14
Rice bran oil	25	38	37
Porkchop	35	44	08
Pizza, sausage	41	32	20
Pizza, cheese	60	28	05
Pecans dry roasted	08	62	25
Peanut oil	17	46	32
Peanut dry roasted	14	50	31
Pastry, Danish	50	31	14
Palm oil	51	39	10
Palm kernel oil	86	12	02
Other
Olive oil	14	73	11
Nuts
Mustard oil	11	59	21
Milk, whole	62	28	04
Milk, 2%	62	30	00
Meats
Margarine, tub	16	33	49
Margarine, stick	18	39	39
Margarine, light tub	19	46	33
Macadamia dry roasted	15	79	02
Lard	39	45	11
Ice cream, light	62	29	04
Ice cream, gourmet	62	29	04
Hot dog, turkey	28	40	22
Hot dog, beef	42	48	05
Ham	35	49	16
Ground sirloin	38	44	04
Grilled chicken sandwich	26	42	20
Goose fat	33	55	11
Flaxseeds, ground	08	23	65
Fish, orange roughy	23	15	46
Fats added during cooking or at the table
Egg yolk fat	36	44	16
Dressing, light Italian	14	24	58
Dressing, blue cheese	16	54	25
Dairy products
Cottonseed oil	27	19	54
Corn oil	13	24	59
Cookie, oatmeal raisin	22	47	27
Cookie, chocolate chip	35	42	18
Coconut oil	87	13	00
Chicken fat	30	45	21
Chicken breast	29	34	21
Chicken	34	23	30
Cheeseburger, fast food	43	40	07
Cheese, regular	64	29	03
Cheese, light	60	30	00
Cashews dry roasted	20	59	17
Canola oil	08	64	28
Candy, fruit chews	14	44	38
Candy, chocolate bar	59	33	03
Cake, yellow	60	25	10
Butterfat	66	30	04
Butter, whipped	62	29	04
Butter, stick	63	29	03
Burger, fast food	36	44	06
Breaded chicken sandwich	20	39	32
Beef fat	41	43	03
Beef	33	38	05
Avocado	16	71	13
Almonds dry roasted	09	65	21
Whipping cream	66	26	05

Saturated fat & Health Hazards (??????? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ????)

Cardiovascular disease (???? ???)

There are strong, consistent, and graded relationships between saturated fat intake, blood cholesterol levels, and the epidemic of cardiovascular disease. The relationships are accepted as causal.

Many health authorities such as the American Dietetic Association, the British Dietetic Association, American Heart Association, the World Heart Federation, the British National Health Service, among others, advise that saturated fat is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The World Health Organization in May 2015 recommends switching from saturated to unsaturated fats.

A small, limited number of systematic reviews have examined the relationship between saturated fat and cardiovascular disease and have come to different conclusions. However, these rely on observational studies and can therefore not be used to establish cause and effect relationships.

While many studies have found that including polyunsaturated fats in the diet in place of saturated fats produces more beneficial CVD outcomes, the effects of substituting monounsaturated fats or carbohydrates are unclear.

Dyslipidemia (?????????????)

The consumption of saturated fat is generally considered a risk factor for dyslipidemia, which in turn is a risk factor for some types of cardiovascular disease.

Abnormal blood lipid levels, that is high total cholesterol, high levels of triglycerides, high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL, “bad” cholesterol) or low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL, “good” cholesterol) cholesterol are all associated with increased risk of heart disease and stroke.

Saturated fat effects Cancer (??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????)

Breast cancer (???? ?????)

A meta-analysis published in 2003 found a significant positive relationship in both control and cohort studies between saturated fat and breast cancer. However, two subsequent reviews have found weak or insignificant associations of saturated fat intake and breast cancer risk, and note the prevalence of confounding factors.

Colorectal cancer (?????????? ?????)

One review found limited evidence for a positive relationship between consuming animal fat and the incidence of colorectal cancer.

Ovarian cancer (??????? ?????)

Meta-analyses of clinical studies found evidence for increased risk of ovarian cancer by high consumption of saturated fat.

Prostate cancer (????????? ?????)

Some researchers have indicated that serum myristic acid and palmitic acid and dietary myristic and palmitic saturated fatty acids and serum palmitic combined with alpha-tocopherol supplementation are associated with increased risk of prostate cancer in a dose-dependent manner. These associations may, however, reflect differences in intake or metabolism of these fatty acids between the pre-cancer cases and controls.

Saturated fat effects Bones (??????? ???? ?? ?????????? ????????)

Mounting evidence indicates that the amount and type of fat in the diet can have important effects on bone health. Most of this evidence is derived from animal studies. The data from one study indicated that bone mineral density is negatively associated with saturated fat intake and that men may be particularly vulnerable.

Saturated fat Dietary recommendations (??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????????)

Recommendations to reduce or limit dietary intake of saturated fats are made by the:

• World Health Organization
• American Heart Association of Health
• US Department of Health and Human Services
• UK Food Standards Agency
• Australian Department of Health and Aging
• Singapore Government Health Promotion Board
• Indian Government Citizens Health Portal
• New Zealand Ministry of Health
• Food and Drugs Board of Ghana
• Republic of Guyana Ministry of Health
• Hong Kong’s Centre for Food Safety.

Advice

The United Kingdom, National Health Service claims the majority of British people eat too much-saturated fat. People are advised to cut down on saturated fat and read labels on the food they buy.

In a 2017 comprehensive review of the literature and clinical trials, the American Heart Association published a recommendation that saturated fat intake be reduced or replaced by products containing monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, a dietary adjustment that could reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases by 30%.

Molecular description (????? ?????)

The two-dimensional illustration has implicit hydrogen atoms bonded to each of the carbon atoms in the polycarbonate tail of the myristic acid molecule.

Carbon atoms are also implicitly drawn, as they are portrayed as intersections between two straight lines. “Saturated,” in general, refers to a maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to each carbon of the polycarbonate tail as allowed by the Octet Rule. This also means that only single bonds will be present between adjacent carbon atoms of the tail.

Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fat