Meditation And Clinical Applications

Meditation (?????) is a practice where an individual uses a technique such as mindfulness or focusing the mind on a particular object, or activity to train attention and awareness. Moreover, achieve a mentally clear and emotionally calm and stable state. Scholars have found it difficult to define, as practices vary both between traditions and within them. The earliest records of Dhyana, come from the Hindu traditions of Vedantism. Siddha Spirituality of Swami Hardas Life System has introduced simple and most result-oriented methods such as Ananda Meditation, Siddha Shanti Meditation, etc.

Meditation Definition (????? ???????)

Dictionaries give both the original Latin meaning of “think(ing) deeply about (something)”; as well as the popular usage of ” focusing one’s mind for a period of time”, “the act of giving your attention to only one thing, either as a religious activity or as a way of becoming calm and relaxed”, and to engage in mental exercises such as concentrating on one’s breathing or repetition of a mantra for the purpose of reaching a heightened level of spiritual awareness.

World Meditation Day 2019: Meditate For Inner Peace | Thriive.in
Meditation

Religious and spiritual meditation (??????? ?? ?????????? ?????)

Indian religions (?????? ????)

Hinduism (?????? ????)

There are many schools and styles of meditation within Hinduism. In pre-modern and traditional Hinduism, Yoga and Dhyana are practiced to realize the union of one’s eternal self or soul, one’s ?tman. 

The earliest clear references in Hindu literature are in the middle Upanishads and the Mahabharata including the Bhagavad Gita. According to Gavin Flood, the earlier Brihadaranyaka Upanishad is describing meditation when it states that “having become calm and concentrated, one perceives the self (?tman) within oneself”.

Jainism (??? ????)

Meditation and spiritual practices system in Jainism has three parts called the Ratnatraya (Three Jewels):

  • The right perception and faith
  • Best knowledge, and
  • Right conduct.

In Jainism, it aims at realizing the self, attaining salvation, and taking the soul to complete freedom. Also to reach and to remain in the pure state of soul which is believed to be pure consciousness, beyond any attachment or aversion. The practitioner strives to be just a knower-seer (Gyata-Drashta). Jain meditation can be broadly categorized into Dharmya Dhyana and Shukla Dhyana.

Jainism uses techniques such as:

  • Pind?stha-dhy?na
  • Pad?stha-dhy?na
  • R?p?stha-dhy?na
  • R?p?tita-dhy?na
  • Sav?rya-dhy?na

Buddhism (????? ????)

Buddhist meditation refers to the meditative practices associated with the religion and philosophy of Buddhism.  Buddhists pursue it as part of the path toward awakening and nirvana. The closest words for meditation in the classical languages of Buddhism are bh?van?, jh?na/dhy?na, and vipassana.

Buddhist techniques have become popular in the wider world, with many non-Buddhists taking them up. There is considerable homogeneity across meditative practices – such as breath meditation and various recollections (anussati) – across Buddhist schools, as well as significant diversity. In the Therav?da tradition, there are over fifty methods for developing mindfulness and forty for developing concentration, while in the Tibetan tradition there are thousands of visualization meditations. 

Sikhism (??? ????)

In Sikhism, Simran i.e. meditation and good deeds are both necessary to achieve the devotee’s Spiritual goals; without good deeds it is futile. When Sikhs meditate, they aim to feel God’s presence and emerge in the divine light. It is only God’s divine will or order that allows a devotee to desire to begin to meditate. N?m Japn? involves focusing one’s attention on the names or great attributes of God.

East Asian religions (?????? ?????? ????)

Taoism (??? ????)

Taoist meditation has developed techniques including concentration, visualization, qi cultivation, contemplation, and mindfulness meditations in its long history. Traditional Daoist meditative practices were influenced by Chinese Buddhism from around the 5th century and influenced Traditional Chinese medicine and the Chinese martial arts.

Livia Kohn distinguishes three basic types of Taoist meditation:

  • Concentrative
  • Insight, and
  • Visualization. 

Taoist practices are central to Chinese martial arts and some Japanese martial arts, especially the qi-related neijia “internal martial arts”. Some well-known examples are daoyin “guiding and pulling”, qigong “life-energy exercises”, neigong “internal exercises”, neidan “internal alchemy”, and taijiquan “great ultimate boxing”, which is thought of as moving meditation. 

Abrahamic religions (????????? ????)

Judaism (????? ????)

One of the best-known types of meditation in early Jewish mysticism was the work of the Merkabah, from the root /R-K-B/ meaning “chariot” (of God). Some meditative traditions have been encouraged in Kabbalah, and some Jews have described Kabbalah as an inherently meditative field of study. Kabbalistic often involves the mental visualization of the supernal realms. Aryeh Kaplan has argued that the ultimate purpose of Kabbalistic is to understand and cleave to the Divine.

In modern Jewish practice, one of the best known meditative practices is called “hitbodedut” (????????, alternatively transliterated as “hisbodedus”), and is explained in Kabbalistic, Hasidic, and Mussar writings, especially the Hasidic method of Rabbi Nachman of Breslav. 

Christianity (???? ????)

Christian meditation is a term for a form of prayer in which a structured attempt is made to get in touch with and deliberately reflect upon the revelations of God. The word meditation comes from the Latin word meditari, which means to concentrate. Christian meditation is the process of deliberately focusing on specific thoughts e.g. a biblical scene involving Jesus and the Virgin Mary and reflecting on their meaning in the context of the love of God. Christian meditation is sometimes taken to mean the middle level in a broad three-stage characterization of prayer: it then involves more reflection than first level vocal prayer but is more structured than the multiple layers of contemplation in Christianity.

According to Edmund P. Clowney, Christian meditation contrasts with Eastern forms of meditation as radically as the portrayal of God the Father in the Bible contrasts with depictions of Krishna or Brahman in Indian teachings. Unlike some Eastern styles, most styles of Christian meditation do not rely on the repeated use of mantras and yet are also intended to stimulate thought and deepen meaning.

Christian meditation aims to heighten the personal relationship based on the love of God that marks Christian communion. In Aspects of Christian meditation, the Catholic Church warned of potential incompatibilities in mixing Christian and Eastern styles of meditation. 

Islam (??????)

Salah is a mandatory act of devotion performed by Muslims five times per day. The body goes through sets of different postures, as the mind attains a level of concentration called khushu.

A second optional type of meditation, called dhikr, meaning remembering and mentioning God, is interpreted in different meditative techniques in Sufism or Islamic mysticism. This became one of the essential elements of Sufism as it was systematized traditionally. It is juxtaposed with fikr (thinking) which leads to knowledge. By the 12th century, the practice of Sufism included specific meditative techniques, and its followers practiced breathing controls and the repetition of holy words.

Sufism uses a meditative procedure like Buddhist concentration, involving high-intensity and sharply focused introspection. In the Oveyssi-Shahmaghsoudi Sufi order, for example, muraqaba takes the form of tamarkoz, “concentration” in Persian.

Bahá’í faith (???? ?????)

In the teachings of the Bahá’í Faith, meditation is a primary tool for spiritual development, involving reflection on the words of God. While prayer and meditation are linked, where meditation happens generally in a prayerful attitude, prayer is seen specifically as turning toward God, and meditation is seen as a communion with one’s self where one focuses on the divine.

Modern spirituality (?????? ????????????)

Mantra meditation, with the use of a Japa mala and especially with a focus on the Hare Krishna maha-mantra, is a central practice of the Gaudiya Vaishnava faith tradition and the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), also known as the Hare Krishna movement.

Other popular new religious movements include the:

New Age Meditation (NAM) [?? ??? ?? ?????]

New Age meditations are often influenced by Eastern philosophy, mysticism, yoga, Hinduism, and Buddhism, yet they may contain some degree of Western influence. In the West, meditation found its mainstream roots through the social revolution of the 1960s and 1970s, when many of the youth of the day rebelled against traditional religion as a reaction against what some perceived as the failure of Christianity to provide spiritual and ethical guidance.

NAM (New Age meditation) evolved into a range of purposes and practices, from serenity and balance to access to other realms of consciousness to the concentration of energy in group meditation to the supreme goal of samadhi, as in the ancient yogic practice of meditation.

Meditation Centers Get in Touch With Modern Age - WSJ
New Age Meditation

How to Meditate (????? ???? ????)

Meditation is simpler and harder than most people think. Read these basic and common steps, make sure you’re somewhere where you can relax into this process, set a timer, and give it a shot:

Take a seat (??????)

Find a place to sit that feels calm and quiet to you.

Set a time limit (??? ???? ????????? ????)

If you’re just beginning, it can help to choose a short time, such as five or 10 minutes.

Notice your body (???? ???? ?? ????? ???)

You can sit in a chair with your feet on the floor, you can sit loosely cross-legged, you can kneel—all are fine. Just make sure you are stable and in a position, you can stay in for a while.

Feel your breath (???? ???? ?? ????? ????)

Follow the sensation of your breath as it goes in and as it goes out.

Notice when your mind has wandered (????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??)

Inevitably, your attention will leave the breath and wander to other places. When you get around to noticing that your mind has wandered—in a few seconds, a minute, five minutes—simply return your attention to the breath.

Be kind to your wandering mind (???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????)

Don’t judge yourself or obsess over the content of the thoughts you find yourself lost in. Just come back.

Close with kindness (??? ?? ??? ??? ????) 

When you’re ready, gently lift your gaze (if your eyes are closed, open them). Take a moment and notice any sounds in the environment. Notice how your body feels right now. Notice your thoughts and emotions.

That’s it! That’s the practice. You go away, you come back, and you try to do it as kindly as possible.

How meditation may help reduce implicit bias and prejudice - Insider
How to Meditate

Clinical applications of Meditation (????? ?? ??????? ?????????)

The US National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health states that “Meditation is a mind and body practice that has a long history of use for:

  • Increasing calmness and physical relaxation
  • Improving psychological balance
  • Coping with illness
  • Enhancing the overall health and well-being

A 2014 review found that the practice of mindfulness meditation for two to six months by people undergoing long-term psychiatric or medical therapy could produce small improvements in anxiety, pain, or depression. 

In 2017, the American Heart Association issued a scientific statement that meditation may be a reasonable adjunct practice to help reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, with the qualification that meditation needs to be better defined in higher-quality clinical research of these disorders.

Low-quality evidence indicates that meditation may help with irritable bowel syndrome, insomnia, cognitive decline in the elderly, and post-traumatic stress disorder.

Meditation in the workplace (????????? ??? ?????)

A 2010 review of the literature on spirituality and performance in organizations found an increase in corporate meditation programs.

As of 2016 around a quarter of U.S. employers were using stress reduction initiatives. The goal was to help reduce stress and improve reactions to stress. Aetna now offers its program to its customers. 

Google also implements mindfulness, offering more than a dozen meditation courses, with the most prominent one, “Search Inside Yourself”, having been implemented since 2007. General Mills offers the Mindful Leadership Program Series, a course that uses a combination of mindfulness meditation, yoga, and dialogue with the intention of developing the mind’s capacity to pay attention.

Sound-based meditation (?????-?????? ?????)

Herbert Benson of Harvard Medical School conducted a series of clinical tests on meditators from various disciplines, including the Transcendental Meditation technique and Tibetan Buddhism.

In 1975, Benson published a book titled The Relaxation Response where he outlined his own version of meditation for relaxation. Also in the 1970s, the American psychologist Patricia Carrington developed a similar technique called Clinically Standardized Meditation (CSM). 

Another sound-based method called Acem Meditation developed a psychology of meditation and has been the subject of several scientific studies in Norway.

Biofeedback has been used by many researchers since the 1950s in an effort to enter deeper states of mind.

 

Reference:

  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditation
  • https://www.mindful.org/how-to-meditate/
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Comments (103)

    1. So nice of you, Dr. Hemangi! It’s your gratitude!! I shall try my best to serve as better as you expect!!!

      Reply

  2. Looking at the benefits of meditation, I propose that it should be part of lifestyle, which should be adopted by everyone. Thanks for explaining it in simple words.

    Reply

    1. Certainly, Madam! I do agree with your proposal. Meditation should be a part of everyone’s life. If adopted seriously, health problems will surely be reduced to a minimum. I shall try to introduce simple but result-oriented types of meditation so that everybody is at ease while adopting it. Thanks and stay tuned.

      Reply

  3. I like this article. Many peoples are going to meditation classes. All meditation are not easy. But the Sidha yog is the simplest meditation effective and powerful.

    Reply

    1. Rightly said, Satish! There are various types and categories of meditation. Some of them need rigorous raining and time consuming but Siddha meditation if easy to learn and does not need much time, yet it is result-oriented. I wish readers take advantage and avail of the benefits. Thanks for your good words!

      Reply

  4. Thank you very much! How often should one meditate? Can we meditate while walking or doing certain activities like jogging, digging, etc? I have a feeling that one of today’s big challenges to the world is taking mental illness and it’s all because most people aren’t educated on these ideas.

    Reply

    1. Thanks, Orieno for your question! The basics of meditation itself are silene and purity I atmosphere. It involves breathing technic, which may not serve the purpose. Walking, Jogging, gardening, etc activities will not help concentrate mind and hence would not yield the required benefits. Anybody, irrespective of the busiest person, can manage to spare 15 minutes for the good cause of health.
      People should understand the need because they can avoid many health-related problems, mainly mental illness, etc, which no one can predict. Medicines are not the only option for every problem because we have seen that medical science has a limit. There are many diseases, which medical science is unable to cure. Why take chances, when there is a easiest method of meditation is capable of avoiding and solving numerous problems? Moreover, we need no medicines, and money to practice this simple meditation, only 15 minutes per day is always preferable.
      Thanks, dear for your wonderful communication. Please stay tuned!!!

      Reply

    1. Thanks a lot, Tageshwar! After a long time!! I’m pleased to have your good words!!!

      Reply

  6. It is the most important activity and everyone should perform it on daily basis. Meditation keeps a person’s mind concentrated and healthy.

    Reply

    1. Surely, Gajanan! It’s the unique benefits one gets by just sparing a few minutes daily. I hope, everyone can very well manage to spare time on regular basis for well-being! Thanks for your great words!

      Reply
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  82. 出川からは芸人のように扱われ、住民と触れ合うたびに目と鼻の穴へ10円玉をはめる挨拶代わりの芸を見せるように振られるなどしていた。藤新政務調査会長代理は、隣室で金さんと会食した。
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  83. しかし、河村は問題解決の芽が出たにもかかわらず市長を辞任を表明するにいたった。枝村はシンシアの指示で画家のトーマス・販売会社のウェブサイトや窓口に掲示されている他、日本経済新聞朝刊（1/1-1/4と祝祭日の翌日を除く火-土曜）に全銘柄が、大手全国紙朝刊では一部銘柄が掲載されている。学芸会では木の役を受ける。 5月 – 農薬事業部（化学品事業部により分離独立）を発足。宇宙心理学者で、チームの精神状態の管理にあたった。

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